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U.S. battery manufacturing is growing while key materials still come from China. In 2025, China produced over 80% of the world’s battery cells. It also accounted for roughly 85% of cathode active material and more than 90% of anode active material. According to the International Energy Agency, these figures were reported in its 2026 global electric vehicle outlook. Chinese manufacturers supplied nearly three-quarters of global electric vehicle battery deployment in 2025, with their industrial scale extending from mineral processing to finished cells and manufacturing equipment. While the U.S. has increased its battery manufacturing capacity at a faster rate in percentage terms, it remains significantly dependent on imported raw materials. In 2025, the United States reported 100% net import reliance for natural graphite. China has been among its top graphite suppliers over the previous four years, with Chinese processors dominating the market for battery-grade graphite production. China maintains control over the most critical segments of the battery supply chain.